Teaching Philosophy Statement :: School Education Teachers Essays

Showing Philosophy Statement â€Å"People infrequently succeed except if they have a ton of fun in what they are doing.† (Dale Carnegie) This statement best accommodates my perspectives toward training. I feel that a lion's share of understudies, today, fear going to class and no longer gander at it with an uplifting attitude. I accept this demeanor toward schools is the reason generally speaking evaluation execution has diminished and United States understudies rank lower when contrasted with understudies of remote nations. I need to change this, in any event, in my study hall. I need to reestablish the positive vitality and desire that a few understudies have lost in instruction. I need understudies in my study hall to hunger for new information and have a profitable and pleasant time doing as such. I for one accept that understudies, at all age levels, accomplish their best work, and get increasingly included, when they are taught in an intriguing, inventive, and hands-on condition. My viewpoint towards which ways of thinking to use in training is mixed. I predominately concur with the Progessivist hypothesis since it is understudy focused and sees understudies as people. I accept that these individual needs ought to be communicated and suited in the homeroom. I additionally feel its significant for the instructive condition to incorporate a majority rule process, where understudies get an opportunity to voice their suppositions about the material they will learn and the guidelines that they should follow. I feel that when understudies help direct their own way, that they acquire regard in the homeroom and increment their drive to learn. Another factor I’m likened to about utilizing Progressivism in the study hall is that it is experience-focused and manages genuine issues that understudies face throughout everyday life. I concur with John Dewey’s conviction that understudies learn more by doing in light of the fact that it has meaning. An extra co nviction that Dewey and myself consider indispensable is that understudies ought to figure out how to apply recently learned data and aptitudes to explain new issues. This instructs students’ basic reasoning aptitudes and critical thinking techniques. I additionally favor the Essentialist’s reasoning since it has a solid educational plan based around the customary subjects of perusing, math, and science. I think central subjects outfits understudies with a solid establishment, which they can expand upon as they keep on learning.

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 26

Correspondence - Essay Example Adolescents have one of a kind characteristics which impact how the message ought to be conveyed to them, these include: poor relational abilities especially the listening part of it. Most individuals from the gathering can't tune in to and appreciate court orders about conduct. A few adolescents, particularly those in work ought to have their boss being a piece of the arrangement, particularly by upholding consistence (Mark and Gamez-Rugama, 2015). Other adolescent guilty parties don't understand what is expected of them because of inadequate instruction. In that capacity, utilizing straightforward language for correspondence will improve their consistence with the principles of commitment. There are numerous potential difficulties in imparting the message to adolescents, these include: right off the bat, a negative mentality embraced by adolescents seeing their neighbors or government specialists as too harsh and dead set on their annihilation to tune in to or follow their mandates. Also, lacking instruction and information in adolescents for the most part confound their comprehension of what is directly for them and their abstract considerations (Haggard, 2014). In conclusion, their young minds and frail character may make pointless interruptions as well as absence of consistency in their reactions to questions or issues coordinated to them, subsequently their whimsical conduct. These shortcomings require steady help to them and checking of their moves, which would be exorbitant if not illogical (Haggard, 2014). As Mark and Gamez-Rugama (2015) stated, I would amend my methodology in the video by receiving less difficult, progressively customized correspondence systems, for example, referencing names. I would likewise: gain by the method of correspondence which is best for every person, for example, utilizing signals or non-verbal styles for impaired adolescents; use correspondence strategies which construct viable associations with adolescents so they can build up a sentiment of

Its May 2nd. Have you replied to your colleges yet

It’s May 2nd. Have you replied to your colleges yet The college admissions process is often compared to dating. Its a dance that happens between students and colleges where the power dynamic shifts back and forth several times; one courts the other, then the other courts the first, and so on. We spend time and money trying to identify the right students who could be great candidates for our institutions, and do all kinds of outreachtraveling the country, visiting high schools, giving presentations, campus tours, sending brochures and emailsall in hopes that theyll apply to our school. We wait in anticipation to see the applications roll in. Students enter into the application process, picking and choosing which colleges they want to apply to. For those whom we are lucky enough to receive their applications, we read them, learn about their lives, fall in love with many, but can only choose a few. Applicants wait with bated breath to hear back, nervous and anxious, constantly hitting refresh to find out their decision. The tables turn againonce weve admitted a class of students, we begin to court them once more. Shiny tubes, greeting cards, and a four-day extravaganza called Campus Preview Weekend. Now its our turn to wait, excited and eager, hoping the applicants we love so much will say yes in return. And that brings us to today. Many have said yes; welcome to the family! Some have said no; well eat a couple pints of ice cream, and all will be okay. But then there are others who havent said anything yet If you were admitted to a college, Im sure you can remember what it was like, constantly hitting refresh, and waiting in anticipation to hear responses from the college(s) you applied to. For the last several weeks, weve now been doing the same. Every day, hitting refresh, waiting to hear back from the 1,419 students we extended admission offers to. (If you think waiting for a handful of college decisions is stressful, try waiting for 1,419 replies.) The deadline has come and gone, and for those of you who havent responded yet (who havent been granted extensions for financial aid reasons), Im guessing most of you have decided to go to another place. Thats perfectly finewe completely understand. There are tons of amazing schools out there, and we know youve made a choice that is right for you. The only thing we ask in return, is that you please let us know. Log in to your MyMIT account, and click on How to accept or decline our offer of admission, and complete the form. I know breaking up is hard to do, but not knowing is even worse. Plus, it doesnt have to be goodbye foreverwe can still be friendsand theres always grad school. :) Thanks for dancing with us, and we look forward to hearing from you soon. P.S. This applies to pretty much every college out there, so if you have other schools you havent responded to yet, do that too! P.P.S. For those on the waitlist, we havent forgotten about you either! As you can see above, we empathize with the pain of waiting and not knowing, and want to get back to you as quickly as possible. More news to come soon, I promise.

Health Policy Values Personal Values And Beliefs

Health Policy Values Personal Values and Beliefs As human beings, we all have our morals, beliefs, and mindsets that have developed throughout the direction of everyone’s lives. Our family, friends, community, and the involvements we have had all added to our purpose of who we are and how we analyze the world (The Gospel Coalition, 2014). Values are principles or standards that a person or group of people holds in great respect. These values direct the way this author lives, and the choices made throughout my life. One of the utmost misconceptions about religious belief is that it involves a belief in God or a supreme existence. Religious beliefs are beliefs that produce worship or worship-related deeds, such as going to church (The Gospel Coalition, 2014). This author believes in God the Father, the Son Jesus Christ, and The Holy Spirit, otherwise known as the Triune God. This writer also believes that the laws from the Bible should not be worked around by the law of our government and our constitution. The religious laws written are the commandments, and the government laws were written had neglected these commandments when they were signed into office. This author feels that if someone chooses to break God’s laws, then it is their choice. If you make a decision for all of the humankind to accept and follow this law, and against their beliefs then, to this writer, it is unethical and is showing misconception to the world that this is acceptable behavior which then canShow MoreRelatedHealth Policies And The Health Policy883 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Policy Values According to World Health Organization (WHO, 2015), â€Å"Health policy refers to decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society† (p.1). Nursing can make a change in the health policy. This writer believes nursing is the most trusted professions and also upholds the uppermost values of morality and ethical principle. One of the journalists Deepak Chopra said, â€Å"Enlightened leadership is spiritual if we understand spiritualityRead MorePersonal Values And Beliefs And Values872 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal values and beliefs My personal beliefs and values are on par with the present health care policy in the United States (U.S.). I value and believe in compassion, empathy and respect. People have the right to access basic medical care when they are sick. So, there should be universal healthcare for the people at a cost that is affordable to them. The health care charge must be on the basis of income with a cap. The people who are under the poverty line should receive health care at free ofRead MoreValues And Believes Decides Personnel Priorities And Our Actions Follows994 Words   |  4 PagesValues and believes decides personnel priorities and our actions follows those significances. Nursing profession builds upon on specific human values such as honesty, kindness as the cornerstone of the profession since the beginning (Gokenbach, 2012). In this paper, the writer discusses the personal values, beliefs, and differentiates personal beliefs with the health care policy using cost, quality aspects, analyz e the religious, personal, political ideology and how it affects the perspective ofRead MoreAustralia Is A Country With Cultural And Ethnic Diversity Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pageshave right to express and share their individual culture, religious belief and values. In this diverse environment, there are several of reasons why nurses can refuse to participate in procedures, which are against as well as unacceptable in their own religious, moral, ethical beliefs and value as a health care professional. However, there should be a fine line between those religious, moral belief and the individual’s personal convenience and preference. This essay will discuss on the right of nursesRead MoreHealth Policy and Values1583 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Policy Values Anil Jose UIC November 5th, 2014 Introduction A person’s physical state, mental state and social well-being defines health. According to World health Organization (WHO), â€Å"A resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities(WHO, 2014). Health care policies are defined and implied by government for the betterment of general health of the public. ThisRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1053 Words   |  5 PagesEvery profession has its rules, beliefs, theories, and principles. This aforementioned are the podium upon which the value and philosophies of the success of each profession is based. These philosophies and values do not operate in a vacuum. They influence the way which professionals carry out their day to day activities for maximum success. Consequently, Nursing and Nurses are not immune to the great influence of values and philosophies, be it at personal or corporate levels. This is because, nursingRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Health Policy Values871 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Policy Values As human beings, we all have our own values, beliefs and attitudes that we have developed throughout the course of our lives. Our family, friends, community and the experiences we have had all contribute to our sense of who we are and how we view the world (The Gospel Coalition, 2014). Values are principles, standards or qualities that an individual or group of people hold in high regard. These values guide the way this author lives and the decisions made throughout my life.Read MoreThe Importance Of Acting Ethically When Working As A Nurse1318 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Ethics is an essential aspect of health care practice and those working in the nursing profession are often subject to frequent ethical dilemmas. It is essential for all nurses to be aware of the importance of ethics in health care and to practice within the ethico-legal parameters that govern the profession. However, while this is relatively easy in theory, ethics is not a black and white subject and often one’s culture, upbringing, attitudes and beliefs can influence what one views as ethicalRead MoreAn Unethical Behavior Among Its Nursing Staff1404 Words   |  6 PagesBackground Statement: Pleasant Valley Memorial hospital is experiencing unethical behavior among its nursing staff. Nursing Manager Susan manages the intensive care unit (NICU). Repeatedly, Susan encounters the NICU nurses allowing their personal beliefs to influence behavioral work norms and patient care. Dedicated nurses such as Nurse Pamela refuse to care for certain patients with lifestyles she opposes. Other nurses have mistreated a 16-year-old father of a baby under their care by ignoringRead MoreReasearch, Roles, And Values1432 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: REASEARCH, ROLES, AND VALUES IN NURSING 1Research, Roles, and Values in NursingGeoi LeonardMississippi University for WomenNU 360: Introduction to Scholarly Activity for the Professional Nurse9/25/2017Debbie Ricks TE8 2REASEARCH, ROLES, AND VALUES IN NURSING In 2011, the Office of Inspector General for Health and Human Services said that 180,000 patients die from medical

ESPOSITO Surname Meaning and Origin

The common Italian surname Esposito was a last name commonly given to children in Italy (prior to its unification in 1861) who were abandoned or given up for adoption by their parents. The name derives from the Latin  expositus, the past participle of the Latin verb  exponere, which means to place outside. The Esposito surname is especially prevalent in the Naples region of Italy. Alternate Surname Spellings:  ESPOSTI, ESPOSTO, ESPOSTI, DEGLI ESPOSTI, SPOSITO Surname Origin:  Italian Famous People Raffaele Esposito is baker attributed with first creating the modern pizza. Genealogy Resources Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as an Esposito  family crest or coat of arms for the Esposito surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. If youre interested in connecting with others who share the Esposito surname, the following resources can help: ESPOSITO Family Genealogy Forum: Free message board is focused on descendants of Esposito ancestors around the world.FamilySearch - ESPOSITO Genealogy and Family History: Explore over 350,000 digitized and transcribed historical  records, as well as lineage-linked family trees for the Esposito surname.ESPOSITO Surname Mailing List: Free mailing list for researchers of the Esposito surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages.GeneaNet - Esposito  Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Esposito  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Esposito  Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Esposito  from the website of Genealogy Today. Sources: Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

The Working Poor and Healthcare Free Essays

Cydney Skeens F. B. C Ms. We will write a custom essay sample on The Working Poor and Healthcare or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gaines 9 October 2012 Writing Assignment: The Working Poor Poverty can be defined by the necessities and amenities that one does not have in their life. Due to the expectations created by our society, we have a tendency to judge others based on the clothes they wear or the cars they drive, and we automatically assume that those who cannot afford these luxuries are either uneducated, unskilled or a combination of both. We completely disregard the fact that not all people have control of their financial stability and that anything can damage their current state of wealth. Even the wealthiest of families can find themselves making their way to the bottom due to an unfortunate tragedy such as a death in the family or being laid off from a job, both of which are aspects that cannot be predicted or prevented, and the only thing families can do is accept it. The American Myth claims that someone from the humblest of beginnings can achieve success, but this statement could not be more false. Although a major cause of poverty is financial trouble, a key component that factors in is how the past affects the future. Those who come from troubled beginnings often lead a life of poor behavior and bad decision making skills. Some even work their lives away and still continue to struggle financially, mainly because they had no foundation to build upon due to the fact that they had to start from the absolute bottom. A popular topic of discussion commonly found in politics is the Health Care Reform of 2013-2018. This legislation requires that â€Å"all U. S citizens, with limited expectations, have health insurance coverage and establish the State Exchanges that will make available standardized plan offerings for individuals and certain employers†. The legislation also states that penalties will be assessed to those who are not covered (Banyan LLC). As for the individuals and families who cannot afford it, their financial hardships label them as an exception to those consequences (Banyan LLC). Specifically in the state of Arkansas, many consider President Barack Obama’s health care plan as â€Å"politically toxic†. On August 18th 2012, Governor Mike Beebe spoke at the Democratic Party of Arkansas and openly admitted that, although stating in the past that he would have voted against Obama’s health care reform, he now wants to follow through with the plan and help prevent a â€Å"republican takeover†(Press). Seeing that a quarter of the states working population is uninsured, Beebe believes this will benefit the people who work so hard but are still not able to afford the coverage. â€Å"I think it’s good for our people because it’s helping folks that don’t have insurance now that are working their tails off† (Press). If the expanded Medicaid policy passed, coverage would be offered to all citizens that make up to 138 percent of the federal poverty level (Press). Debbie Willhite, a Democratic Consultant in Little Rock, stated â€Å"we are a very poor state, and nobody needs to be told that. We have an incredible population that is undeserved by health care† (Press). When referring back to the American Myth, those who work hard can make it to the top, we can see that it is directly correlated with Health Care here in the state of Arkansas. Considering that Arkansas is a â€Å"poor state†, Governor Mike Beebe clearly points out the fact that although his people are hard-working citizens, many are still unable to afford a comfortable life style. This includes living without the protection of reliable health insurance coverage. In conclusion, I believe that the overall concept of the Health Care Reform coincides and supports my outlook on poverty. Works Cited Banyan LLC. â€Å"Articles. † Article:Health Care Reform 2013 to 2018. N. p. , n. d. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. http://www. banyan-llc. com/bc/bc. nsf/archivedarticles/Health-Care-Reform-2013-to-2018. Press, Associated. â€Å"In Arkansas, Governor Changes Course on Health Care to Help Uninsured, Struggling Democrats. † Washington Post. The Washington Post, 25 Sept. 2012. Web. 09 Oct. 2012. http://www. washingtonpost. com/national/in-arkansas-governor-changes-course-on-health-care-to-help-uninsured-struggling-democrats/2012/09/25/068bc94a-0742-11e2-9eea-33 3857f6a7bd_story_1. html. How to cite The Working Poor and Healthcare, Essay examples

Lord Of THe Flies Defects Of Society free essay sample

Lord Of THe Flies: Defects Of Society Due To Nature Of Individuals Essay, Research Paper Lord of THe Flies: Defects of Society Due to Nature of Persons The venturesome novel, Lord of the Flies, is an enchanting, brave history that depicts the defects of society as the incorrigible nature of persons when they are immature and without an commanding authorization. The writer of the novel, William Golding, was born in Britain, which accounts for the English, cultured characters in the novel. After analyzing scientific discipline at Oxford University for two old ages, he changed his accent as a major to English literature. When World War II broke out in 1939, Golding served in the Royal Navy for five old ages. The atrociousnesss he witnessed changed his position about world # 8217 ; s indispensable nature. He came to believe that there was a really dark and evil side to adult male, which accounts for the barbarous nature of the kids in the novel. He said, # 8220 ; The war was unlike any other fought in Europe. It taught us non contending, political relations, or the follies of patriotism, but about the given nature of man. # 8221 ; After the war he returned to learning and wrote his first novel, Lord of the Flies, which was eventually accepted for publication in 1954. In 1983, the novel received the Baronial Prize and the statement, # 8220 ; [ His ] books are really entertaining and exciting. . . . They have aroused an remarkably great involvement in professional literary critics ( who find ) deep strata of ambiguity and complication in Golding # 8217 ; s work. . . . # 8221 ; ( Baronial Prize commission ) Some conceived the novel as declamatory and didactic. Kenneth Rexroth stated in the Atlantic, # 8220 ; Golding # 8217 ; s novels are rigged.. . . The male childs neer come alive as existent male childs. . . . # 8221 ; Other critics see him as the greatest English author of our clip. In the Critical Quarterly in 1960, C.B. Cox deemed Lord of the Flies as # 8220 ; likely the most of import novel to be published. . . in the 1950 # 8217 ; s. # 8221 ; The scene of the novel takes topographic point on an island in the Pacific Ocean. The writer neer really locates the island in the existent universe or states the exact clip period. The writer does province that the plane transporting the kids had been shot down in a atomic war, so the clip period must be after the devising and the usage of atomic arms. Even though the location of the island is non definite, the writer vividly describes the scene. Golding Tells us that the island is tropical and shaped like a boat. At the low terminal are the jungle and the groves, which rise up to the treeless and bouldery mountain ridge. The beach, gt ; called the cicatrix, is near the warm H2O laguna. On the cicatrix, where the male childs keep their meetings, is a # 8220 ; natural platform of fallen trees. # 8221 ; Far off is the fruit groves which supply the male childs with nutrient. Inland from the laguna is the jungle with hog trails and hanging vines. The island has a mountain that Ralph, Simon, and Jack ascent, and from which they are able to see the terrain. Finally, there is the palace at the other terminal of the island, which rises a 100 pess above the sea and becomes Jack # 8217 ; s central office. Golding gives us a really strong sense of topographic point, and the scene shapes the narrative # 8217 ; s way. At the beginning the male childs view the island as a Eden because it is exuberant and abundant with nutrient. As the fright of the animal grows, nevertheless, it becomes a snake pit in which fire and fright prevail. Even though Golding does non clearly province the scene, a mental image of the island is depicted throughout the novel. The secret plan of the narrative begins when a group of British pupils # 8217 ; plane is shooting down, and they crash on a tropical island. Ralph and Piggy are the first characters introduced, and they find a white conch shell. Ralph blows on the conch, and the other male childs appear. Among them are Jack, Sam, Eric, Simon, and many other male childs who are neer given names. The group elects Ralph as their leader. When the conch calls once more, they talk about a little male child # 8217 ; s fright of a snakelike animal in the forests. Is at that place truly such a animal? The male childs can non agree. Ralph convinces everyone that they need a fire for a signal in instance a ship passes the island, but the male childs find it difficult work maintaining the fire traveling. Jack decides he no longer wants to be portion of Ralph # 8217 ; s group because he would instead Hunt than worry about maintaining the fire combustion. He leaves with everyone except Ralph, Piggy, Sam, Eric, and Simon. In malice of their turning panic of the imagined animal, Jack leads his huntsmans into the jungle for the murder of hogs. They place a hog # 8217 ; s caput on a interest, much like a crude offering to the unknown animal. Then Simon wanders into the forests entirely, has a ictus, and negotiations to the hog # 8217 ; s caput. In Simon # 8217 ; s hallucination the caput becomes the # 8220 ; Lord of the Flies # 8221 ; . Then Simon, terrified and sickened, starts back to where the other male childs are to state them that the animal is a dead adult male who parachuted onto the island. When Simon appears, the male childs kill him, misidentifying him for the animal. The following dark Jack and two huntsmans attack Ralph and Piggy and steal Piggy # 8217 ; s spectacless. Piggy and Ralph go to Jack to acquire back Piggy # 8217 ; s spectacless. 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is it wrong to kill essays

is it wrong to kill essays During the past quarter century Abortion, Capital Punishment, and Euthanasia have been very controversial subjects in the United States. These methods are ineffective as well as cruel and immoral. They are power over life and death, and they touch some the deepest feelings in human beings. Thomas Jefferson states in The Declaration of Independence states all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. This country was founded on these principles and it is every Americans duty to preserve human life. In 1973, the Supreme Court passed Roe vs. Wade, which legalized abortion in the United States. Today roughly, a quarter of all pregnancies end in abortion. In 1998, there were nearly 1.2 million abortions reported to the Center Disease Control. According to Pro-Life advocates the unborn child, is no less a human being than his/her mother is and has an inalienable right to life, and abortion must be prohibited or at least sharply restricted. When a women choices to abort an unborn child, not only is she ending the life of an unborn child, she is putting herself at risk as well. Studies show that more than 10 percent of women undergoing an abortion suffer immediate complications, and one fifth of those are considered life threatening. Aborting mothers suffer many psychological effects as well, such as nightmares, hysterical outbreaks, and feelings of immense guilt and fear of punishment from God. Purely biologically speaking, it is undeniable that the fetus is a human. At the momen t of conception, the fetus has a DNA that is different from his/her mother. If doctors measure the end of life by brain death, wouldnt it be reasonable to measure the beginning of life by brain life. As early as six weeks, an unborn babys brain waves can be recorded. Some may ar ...

Free sample - Advanced research methods. translation missing

Advanced research methods. Advanced research methodsThe issues that these two articles raise are that one; culture plays a major role in influencing a decision of an individual. What could be morally right to a person from one culture could be immoral to another person from a different cultural background. The other issue is that different parts of brains vary in activities when it comes to moral impersonal, moral personal and non moral conditions. This kind of study can be classified as and experiment. This is because people who were being tested, when answering questions were undergoing brain scanning by use of FMRI. In this way, the researcher gets first class information as he is the one who watches the results come out (Joshua D. Greene, R. Brian Somerville, Leigh E. Nystrom, John M. Darley, Jonathan D. Cohen, 2001). One of the factor   that the researcher seem to control is that he is able to prove that his findings are true by demonstrating his experimental results. The other way he uses is to explain step by step and seems to have a convincing power. The hypothesis in the study is that certain parts of brain and culture are involved when it comes to make decisions concerning morals. The researcher hypothesis was correct. This is because most of the respondents’ answers and results of the brain scanning were in favor of the hypothesis. The brain scanning followed the laid down procedures (Sandra Blakeslee, 2005). When comparing the information in the New York Times and the short journal, the short journal has deeper information than the New York Times’. The key difference is that the researchers were working on the same issue but the researcher in the short journal went an extra step of doing a brain scan. The moral issue is that it is better to provide more reliable outcome. The information provided can be of great value to the society. This will help people to understand why people behave in a manner that is different to them. References Joshua D. Greene, R. Brian Somerville, Leigh E. Nystrom, John M. Darley, Jonathan D. Cohen (2001). An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in moral judgment. Science Sandra Blakeslee (2001, September 25). Watching How the Brain Works As It Weighs a Moral Dilemma. New York Times

Communications in Business - Social Performance of BMW AG Essay

Communications in Business - Social Performance of BMW AG - Essay Example It is in this context that the company has been recorded to be the winner of Sustainability Index Leader for consecutive 7 years (Jackson 2011). However, there are several cases which reveal facts against the operations of the company. With this concern the paper shall intend to critically analyse the performances of BMW AG in the international platform and analyse its efficiency in performing its corporate social responsibility. In this regard, both the positive and negative issues will be discussed with briefings based on the social impacts and its effect on the company’s stakeholders. The Case against BMW AG One of the CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) goals which have been determined by BMW AG to enhance its performance and sustainable growth is focused on the minimisation of the impact automobile creates on the environment. In this regard, the company enforces few technological transformations which are expected to reduce emissions and at the same time minimise the ne ed of natural resources (BMW Group 2009). With this concern the company implies the concept of environmental management system in its operations. Adhering to its objective and the environment management approach the company concentrates on recycling the resources, such as unused cars, engines and other required materials to produce new cars. It also focuses on the utilisation of natural fibres in the door panels and sound-proofing (BMW Group 2009). However, the utilisation of natural fibres in the automotive designing can cause few disadvantages. For instance, due to the employment of natural fibres in the automobile designing, providing a perfect shape to the body of the products becomes tough. This in turn gives rise to the operational cost of the organisation. Moreover, after the recycling of natural fibres it becomes weak. Natural fibres also absorb moisture from the climate and causes swelling which in turn hamper the longevity of the automobile. Other disadvantages of using na tural fibres are lower durability and quite weaker fire resistance (Rijswijk, Brouwer and Beukers 2001). Therefore, it can be stated that utilisation of natural fibres reduces the negative impact on environment which could have taken place directly due to the usage of other fibres. But on the contrary it causes deficiency in the performance of the vehicles hampering the interests of the consumers. It lacks in safety precautions, durability and reliability which can directly affect the company’s sustainable growth creating a negative impact on the society and the stakeholders on the whole. In its sustainability operations, the company is also recorded to implement hybrid technology in its production system with PSA Peugeot Citroen as a joint venture. The objective of the company in this regard is to minimise the fuel consumption and emissions with the purpose to reduce the amount of negative impact that widely used automobile technologies have on the environment (PR Newswire 2 011). But the hybridisation of automobile technologies also has their inevitable disadvantages. To be mentioned in this context, hybrid technology can certainly be quite costly with limited affordability in the current market situation. According to evidences from automobile engineers it is also revealed

Anishnabe homeland Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anishnabe homeland - Personal Statement Example The Anishinabe is one of the dominant native tribes in North America that occupies the greatest geographical area. Indeed, the Anishinabe ancestral homeland entails five American States and three Canadian Provinces (Minnesota Historical Society 1). The Anishinabe still live in this ancestral homeland. However, this ancestral land has since reduced after the coming of the Europeans. Accordingly, this native tribe claimed that it originated from the northeast and settled by the great sea. Notably, wars, migrations, and trade influenced the Anishinabe homeland. The Anishinabe valued their expanse homeland and referred it as a reward from their ancestors. The ancestral homeland belonged to all Anishinabe people. The Anishinabe guarded the homeland with pride and resisted all attempts aimed at removing them from the land. Apparently, the initial ancestral homeland of the Anishinabe was huge since it stretched from the northern reaches of the plains to the southeastern shores of the Great Lakes (Minnesota Historical Society 2). Specifically, sub-Arctic tundra bounded the homeland from the north while the Mackenzie River bounded the homeland from the west (Minnesota Historical Society 2). The Mississippi River bounded the Anishinabe homeland from the south while the seaboard bounded the homeland from the east (Minnesota Historical Society 2). Anishinabe homeland extended from Central Saskatchewan to southern Ontario (Minnesota Historical Society 2). Moreover, the Anishinabe homeland entailed the northern Minnesota, northern Dakota corner, and dominated Michigan City (Minnesota Historical Society 2). Currently, most Anishinabe people are farmers and ranchers who live in reservation communities in northern Minnesota and Wisconsin (Minnesota Historical Society 2). The Anishinabe have subdivided into four groups according to their location. The plains Anishinabe reside in Saskatchewan, western Manitoba, North Dakota, and Montana while the northern Anishinabe reside

Effects of Police Misconduct

Effects of Police Misconduct What is police misconduct and how does it affect police and community relations? Police misconduct includes a comprehensive range, reflecting the high standards we expect of police officers. Police misconduct can apply to off-duty behavior as well as conduct on the job. Any conduct that is disgraceful, improper or unbecoming a police officer, or shows unfitness to be or continue as a police officer, or does not meet the requirements the community reasonably expects of a police officer. Examples of on-the-job police misconduct would be: Failure to provide medical treatment to a detainee. Assaulting another individual in a night club would be an example of off-duty police misconduct. The violation of state and federal laws or the violation of individuals constitutional rights by police officers; also when police commit crimes for personal gain. Police misconduct terms refer to a wide range of procedural, criminal, and civil violations. Misconduct is the broadest category. Misconduct is procedural when it refers to police who go against police department rules and regulations; criminal when it refers to police who defy state and federal laws; unconstitutional when it refers to police who abuse a citizens Civil Rights; or any combination thereof. Common forms of misconduct are: Excessive use of physical or deadly force, Discriminatory arrest, Physical or verbal harassment Selective enforcement of the law. Profit or another type of material benefit gained illegally as a result of the officers authority is considered misconduct. Forms of police misconduct include bribery, extortion, receiving or fencing stolen goods, and selling drugs. The term also refers to patterns of misconduct within a given police department or special unit, particularly where offenses are repeated with the consent of superiors. Police departments establish codes of conduct, train new recruits, and investigate and discipline officers, sometimes in cooperation with civilian complaint review boards which are intended to provide independent evaluative and remedial advice. Protections are also found in state law, which permits victims to sue police for damages in civil actions. Excessive force- police brutality, false arrest and imprisonment, malicious prosecution, and wrongful death are examples of actions brought for claims. State actions may be brought at the same time with additional claims for constitutional viol ations. Federal law specifically targets police misconduct through both criminal and civil statutes, Federal law is applicable to all state, county, and local officers, including those who work in correctional facilities. The key federal criminal statute makes it unlawful for anyone acting with police authority to deprive another person of any right protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States (Section 18 U.S.C. ÂÂ § 241 [2000]). Another statute, commonly referred to as the police misconduct provision, makes it unlawful for state or local police to engage in a pattern or practice of conduct that deprives persons of their rights (42 U.S.C.A. 14141 [2000]). Federal law prohibits discrimination in police work. police departments receiving federal funding is covered by Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. ÂÂ § 2000d) and the Office of Justice Programs statute (42 U.S.C. ÂÂ § 3789d[c]), which prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, and religion. These laws prohibit conduct from racial slurs and unjustified arrests to the refusal of departments to respond to discrimination complaints. In the 1990s, the New York City Police Department began a community policing approach to crime fighting. Some major cities in which community policing and other community relations strategies have been used report increased public confidence in police, a reduction in crime, and the easing of racial tensions. The goal of community policing is for community residents and police to work together addressing crime in the neighborhood. Effective police-community relations initiates community members learn about policing and how to prevent crime, and a police department can learn about neighborhood members and their policing needs. Community policing allows neighborhood residents and police departments to come together to fight crime. Community policing effort can ruin the relations between the police and the community that it is designed to protect. As the NYPD has recognized, if the price is the trust and respect of the community we serve whatever gains we have achieved in fighting crime is minimized. If members of the community are reluctant to approach police for fear of a negative encounter, then we have not met our obligations to the public even if crime levels decline. Abner Louima was assaulted and sodomized by officers inside Brooklyns 70th Police Precinct; Mayor Giuliani created the Task Force on Police/Community Relations on August 19, 1997, 10 days after Haitian immigrant was assaulted. The goal was to give better communication among members of the police department and residents of the City of New York. The New York City Police Department began to put in place a program in June 1996, called the Courtesy, Professionalism and Respect (CPR) program. The CPR program encourages professionalism within the department, including the constant display of courtesy and respect toward the citizens of New York City. The NYPD initiated the program in response to a rise in the number of complaints against the NYPD. The mayor believes there is a problem in the relationship between the New York Police Department and the communities of color in New York, which must be addressed from both sides of the problem. Many of the complaints concerned discourteous conduct by members of the NYPD. To improve the situation it is critical that officers understand the need for respectful treatment of the people of New York. We train them to refer to people as Mr. and Ms, to try to explain to people why theyre doing what they do and to go out of their way to be respectful. According to the NYPD, the ultimate goals of the CPR program include: A more productive relationship between the NYPD and residents Improved officer safety through increased public support More success for all crime strategies An image of members of the NYPD as law enforcement professionals. To accomplish these goals, the NYPD provides its officers with in-service training as well as training at the Police Academy. The twentieth century saw multiple legal, administrative, and scholarly approaches to the problem. The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, gave new protections to citizens who had long suffered discriminatory policing. A string of landmark Supreme Court decisions highly influenced cases resulting in the strengthening of Fourth Amendment rights against unreasonable Search and Seizure, evidentiary rules forbidding the use at trial of evidence tainted by unconstitutional police actions, and the establishment of the so-called Miranda Warning requiring officers to advise detained suspects of their constitutional rights. Traditional views were based on the assumption that police abuse reflected the moral failings of individual officers-the so-called bad cop. The Knapp Commission was organized to hold hearings on the extent of corruption in the citys police department. Testimony against fellow officers not only revealed systemic corruption but highlighted an obstacle to investigate these abuses: the understanding among police officers known variously as the Code of Silence and the Blue Curtain under which officers regard testimony against a fellow officer as betrayal. The work of criminologists and others, police departments sought to improve organizational rules, training, and prevention and control mechanisms. The publication of a code of police conduct by the International Association of Chiefs of Police, reflect more hard training for officers, and experimented with so-called community policing programs to improve relationships between officers and the community. Several cities established joint police and civilian complaint review boards to give citizens a larger role in what traditionally had been a closed, internal process by police departments. Among the most dramatic examples of system-wide reform is New York Citys response to long-standing brutality, discrimination, and corruption within the New York City Police Department. After reviewing civilian complaints against police in the 1960s, the city committed to it after public outcry over the videotaping of officers beating citizens who violated curfew in 1988. The Civilian Complaint Review Board, which became an all-civilian agency in 1993. In 1992, responding to new complaints, the Mayor appointed the Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption and the Anti-Corruption Procedures of the Police Department, known as the Mollen Commission. Two years later, the commission concluded that the city had alternated between cycles of corruption and reform. The full-time Commission to Combat Police Corruption (CCPC) as an entity independent from the police department was created. The CCPC monitors the NYPD anti-corruption policies and procedures, conducts audits, and i ssues public reports. Misconduct complaints can be quantified on a city-by-city basis, but these data are often subjective, and far more complaints are filed than ever are evaluated at trial. Corruption is even harder to measure. As the National Institute of Justice acknowledged in its May 2000 report, The Measurement of Police Integrity, most corruption incidents go unreported, and data that do exist are best regarded as measures of a police agencys anticorruption activity, not the actual level of corruption. Prosecution of the officers was less conclusive. Officer Justin Volpe pleaded guilty to leading the Sodomy assault and was sentenced to 30 years in prison. However, in 1999, his fellow three officers were acquitted on charges of assault in the police cruiser; one of them, Officer Charles Schwarz, was convicted of violating Louimas civil rights for holding him down during the bathroom assault. In 2000, all three were convicted of obstructing justice for their actions in covering up evidence of the attack, but these convictions were later overturned in United States v. Schwarz, 283 F.3d 76 (2d Cir. 2002). Ordered a new trial on the civil rights charge, Schwarz reached a plea bargain in September 2002, agreeing to be sentenced to a 5-year prison term. Misconduct by police officers has occasionally led to rioting. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 followed the acquittal of white police officers charged with the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King. In April 2001, three days of rioting in Cincinnati followed the acquittal of a white police officer on charges of shooting Timothy Thomas, a 19-year old unarmed black man. Cities continue to examine ways to bring meaningful reform to police departments. Some critics have argued that misconduct and corruption are age-old problems that resist all efforts at eradication; the best society can do, in this view, is monitor and correct. Others trace recent problems to public policy that emphasizes aggressive policing of drug, gang, and street crimes. Until more effective remedies are found, some citizens will still require protection from the very people appointed to protect and serve them.

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According to Hector Avalos, religions might preach peace, love, and harmony, but establishing a textual canon or sacred site which only some have privileged access to also establishes an illusory â€Å"scarcity† which causes people to fight. This is the intent of religious leaders, but it's an inevitable outgrowth of their actions — and we can see this occurring in the context of Islam with its holy sites and cities: Mecca, Medina, the Dome of the Rock, Hebron, and so on. Each city is holy to Muslims, but while Muslims focus on what they regard as the positive aspects, they cannot pretend that the negative aspects don't exist.Moreover, even the positive aspects can be criticized as often inaccurate. The holiness of each site is associated with violence against other religions or against other Muslims and their importance has been as dependent on politics as religion, a sign of the degree to which political ideologies and parties make use of the religious concept of â₠¬Å"holiness† to further their own agendas. Mecca Islam's holiest site, Mecca, is where Muhammad was born. During his exile in Medina, Muhammad had his followers pray in the direction of Mecca instead of Jerusalem which was the original orientation site.Going on a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a person's life is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Mecca is closed to non-Muslims because of a revelation Muhammad allegedly received from God, but some outsiders have entered while disguised as Muslims. Even before Muhammad, Mecca was a pilgrimage site for pagan polytheists and some argue that the Muslim practice of pilgrimage was borrowed from those ancient rituals. Some scholars argue that because Jews and Christians rejected Muhammad's message, ancient pagan practices had to be incorporated into Islam in order to more easily capture the allegiance of local polytheists.Christianity did much the same throughout Europe in order to convert pagans there. Located in the courtyard o f the Great Mosque in Mecca is a windowless cube known as the Kaaba, believed by Muslims to have been built by the prophet Abraham In the southeastern corner of the Kaaba is the â€Å"Black Stone,† an object which Muslims believe was given to Abraham by the angel Gabriel. Reports of local pagans worshipping gods in the form of stones go back centuries and Muhammad probably incorporated this practice through the Kabaa itself.Pagan rituals were thus re-told through the lives of biblical characters and so that local practices could continue under the guise of Muslim tradition. Medina Medina is where Muhammad was exiled after he found little support for his ideas in his home city of Mecca, making it the second holiest site in Islam. There was a large Jewish community in Medina which Muhammad had hoped to convert, but his failure eventually led him to banish, enslave, or kill every Jew in the area. The presence of non-believers was at first an affront to Muhammad's claims that his religion superseded theirs; later, it was an affront to the holiness of the place.Medina was also the capital of the Muslim empire until 661 when it was moved to Damascus. Despite its religious status, this loss of political power caused the city to decline precipitously and it had little influence during the Middle Ages. Medina's modern rise to prominence was again due to politics, not religion: after Britain occupied Egypt, the Ottoman occupiers of the region funneled communications through Medina, transforming it into a major transportation and communication center. Thus the importance, decline, and growth of Medina was always dependent upon the political situation, not on religion or religious beliefs.Dome of the Rock The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is a Muslim shrine which stands where the first Jewish temple is believed to have stood, where Abraham tried to sacrifice his son to God, and where Muhammad ascended into heaven in order to receive God's commandments. For Muslims this is the third holiest site for pilgrimage, after Mecca and Medina. It may be the oldest surviving example of early Islamic architecture and is modeled after the Christian Church of the Holy Sepulchre, located nearby. Control of the site is a hotly contested issue for Muslims and Jews.Many devout Jews would like to see the mosques torn down and the Temple reconstructed in their place, but this would destroy one of the holiest sites of Islam and lead to a religious war of unprecedented proportions. True Believers have gathered together in a variety of Third Temple societies in active preparation, even going so far as to prepare the precise clothing, coinage, and sacrificial implements needed for use in a rebuilt Temple. Stories have spread among Muslims that the creation of Israel was the first step in an apocalyptic process which will culminate in the total triumph of Islam over all the world.The Dome of the Rock is thus one of the best examples of Avalos' argument about how reli gions create false scarcities which encourage violence. There are no natural resources on this site which humans might be expected to fight over — no oil, water, gold, etc. Instead, people are willing to launch an apocalyptic war simply because they all believe that the site is â€Å"holy† to them and, therefore, that only they should be allowed to control and build upon it. Hebron The city of Hebron is holy for both Muslims and Jews because it contains the â€Å"Cave of the Patriarchs,† supposedly a tomb for Abraham and his family.During the Six Day War of June, 1967, Israel seized Hebron along with the rest of the West Bank. After this war, hundreds of Israelis settled in the area, creating conflict with thousands of Palestinian neighbors. Because of this, Hebron has become a symbol of Israeli-Palestinian hostilities — and thus of interreligious strife, suspicion, and violence. It's not possible for both Jews and Muslims to have exclusive control of Heb ron and neither group is willing to share control. It's only because of the insistence of both that the city is â€Å"holy† that they fight over it at all, though.Mashhad Mashhhad, Iran, is the site for the burial places and shrines for all twelve of the imams revered by the Twelver Shia Muslims. These holy men, believed to be a source of sanctity, are all martyrs because they were murdered, poisoned, or otherwise persecuted. It wasn't Christians or Jews who did this, though, but other Muslims. These shrines to the early imams are treated by Shia Muslims today as religious symbols, but if anything they are symbols for the ability of religion, including Islam, to encourage violence, brutality, and division among believers. QomQom, Iran, is an important pilgrimage site for the Shi'a because of the burial sites of numerous shahs. The Borujerdi mosque is opened and closed each day by government guards who praise Iran's Islamic government. It is also the site of Shia theology trai ning — and thus also of Shia political activism. When the Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran from exile, his first stop was Qom. The city is thus as much a political shrine as it is a religious one, a monument to authoritarian politics and the authoritarian religion which provides politics with existential justification. –>

The Psychology of The Gambler Essay - 2127 Words

The Psychology of The Gambler In Fyodor Dostoyevskys The Gambler, we are presented with a novel whose protagonist is what we would call today a problem gambler. The gambling mania of the storys hero, Alexei Ivanovitch, is a mirror of Dostoyevskys own gambling compulsion. The heroine, Polina Alexandrovna, represents a woman Dostoyevsky had as a real lover. Polina is the stepdaughter of the General, who Alexei works for as a servant. The General shows paranoia over gambling from the outset of the story. He censures Alexei with respect to his care of the children, I suppose you would like to take them to the Casino to play roulette? Well, excuse my speaking so plainly, but I know how addicted you are to gambling. Though I†¦show more content†¦He struggles with moralizing over this but knows a change in his fortunes can be had from successful gambling, I had long ago made up my mind, that never should I depart from Roulettenberg until some radical change had taken place in my fortunes...why is gamblin g a whit worse than any other method of acquiring money? How, for instance, is it worse than trade? True, out of a hundred persons, only once can win; yet what business is that of yours or mine? (Dostoyevsky 8). When it comes to writers and writing, there is an old maxim that is often repeated, Write what you know. Dostoyevsky seems to have taken this advice to heart when it comes to his own writing. For the gambler is based on a real love affair had by the author as well as being a first-hand account of the behaviors and psyches of the addicted gambler (which he was for a period of time). As Christine McKay (2) points out, The Gambler is based on Dostoyevskys love affair with Apollinaria Suslova as well as his frequent casino visits to play roulette, which he began playing in 1863, at a time when he was extremely poor. He experienced first-hand the excesses of gambling so aptly described in The Gambler. Alexei is involved in the intrigues of the social climbers who surround the General for whom he works as a servant. This too is an autobiographical element of theShow MoreRelatedGambling Surrounding The Asian And American Asian Communities1586 Words   |  7 Pagesfollow-up poll was distributed, 21% of the respondents openly considered themselves pathological gamblers, and 16% more labeled themselves as problem gamblers. (Asian-Nation) These rates are ridiculously higher than the rate we find throughout our entire nation. Current data suggests that only 1.6% of Americans can be classified as pathological gamblers, and about 3% are considered problem gamblers. 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History and Design of Submarines

Designs for underwater boats or submarines date back to the 1500s and ideas for underwater travel date back even further. However, it was not until the 19th century that the first useful submarines began to appear. During the Civil War, the Confederates built the H.L. Hunley, the submarine that sank a Union ship. The U.S.S. Housatonic was built in 1864. But it wasnt until after World War I began that the first truly practical and modern submarines were invented. The submariners problem has always been how to improve his underwater endurance and performance, and both capabilities are defined by the ship. Early in submarine history the submariners problem often was how to make his ship work at all. Hollow Papyrus Reeds Historical accounts point out that man has always sought to explore the ocean depths. An early record from the Nile Valley in Egypt gives us the first illustration. It is a wall painting that shows duck hunters, bird spears in hand, creeping up to their prey beneath the surface as they breathe through hollow papyrus reeds. The Athenians are said to have used divers to clear the harbor entrance during the siege of Syracuse. And Alexander the Great, in his operations against Tyre, ordered divers to destroy any submersible vehicle (submarine) defenses the city might undertake to build. While in none of these records does it actually say that Alexander had any kind of submersible vehicle, legend has it that he descended in a device that kept its occupants dry and admitted light. William Bourne - 1578 Not until 1578 did any record appear of a craft designed for underwater navigation. William Bourne, a former Royal Navy gunner, designed a completely enclosed boat that could be submerged and rowed beneath the surface. His creation was a wooden framework bound in waterproofed leather. It was to be submerged by using hand vises to contract the sides and decrease the volume. Although Bournes idea never got beyond the drawing board, a similar apparatus was launched in 1605. But it didnt get much farther because the designers had neglected to consider the tenacity of underwater mud. The craft became stuck in the river bottom during its first underwater trial. Cornelius Van Drebbel - 1620 What might be called the first practical submarine was a rowboat covered with greased leather. It was the idea of Cornelius Van Drebbel, a Dutch doctor living in England, in 1620. Van Drebbels submarine was powered by rowers pulling on oars that protruded through flexible leather seals in the hull. Snorkel air tubes were held above the surface by floats, thus permitting a submergence time of several hours. Van Drebbels submarine successfully maneuvered at depths of 12 to 15 feet below the surface of the Thames River. Van Drebbel followed his first boat with two others. The later models were larger but they relied upon the same principles. Legend has it that after repeated tests, King James I of England rode in one of his later models to demonstrate its safety. Despite its successful demonstrations, Van Drebbels invention failed to arouse the interest of the British Navy. It was an age when the possibility of submarine warfare was still far in the future. Giovanni Borelli - 1680 In 1749 the British periodical Gentlemens Magazine printed a short article describing a most unusual device for submerging and surfacing. Reproducing an Italian scheme developed by Giovanni Borelli in 1680, the article depicted a craft with a number of goatskins built into the hull. Each goatskin was to be connected to an aperture at the bottom. Borelli planned to submerge this vessel by filling the skins with water and to surface it by forcing the water out with a twisting rod. Even though Borellis submarine was never built it provided what was probably the first approach to the modern ballast tank. Continue David Bushnells Turtle Submarine The first American submarine is as old as the United States itself. David Bushnell (1742-1824), a Yale graduate, designed and built a submarine torpedo boat in 1776. The one-man vessel submerged by admitting water into the hull and surfaced by pumping it out with a hand pump. Powered by a pedal-operated propeller and armed with a keg of powder, the egg-shaped Turtle gave Revolutionary Americans high hopes for a secret weapon - a weapon that could destroy the British warships anchored in New York Harbor. Turtle Submarine: Use as a Weapon The Turtles torpedo, a keg of powder, was to be attached to an enemy ships hull and detonated by a time fuse. On the night of September 7, 1776, the Turtle, operated by an Army volunteer, Sergeant Ezra Lee, conducted an attack on the British ship HMS Eagle. However, the boring device that was operated from inside the oak-planked Turtle failed to penetrate the target vessels hull. It is likely that the wooden hull was too hard to penetrate, the boring device hit a bolt or iron brace, or the operator was too exhausted to screw in the weapon. When Sergeant Lee attempted to shift the Turtle to another position beneath the hull, he lost contact with the target vessel and ultimately was forced to abandon the torpedo. Although the torpedo was never attached to the target, the clockwork timer detonated it about an hour after it was released. The result was a spectacular explosion that ultimately forced the British to increase their vigilance and to move their ships anchorage further out in the harbor. Royal Navy logs and reports from this period make no mention of this incident, and it is possible that the Turtles attack may be more submarine legend than a historical event. David Bushnell Larger Photo of Turtle SubmarineDavid Bushnell built a unique vessel, called the Turtle, designed to be propelled underwater by an operator who turned its propeller by hand. David Bushnells American TurtleThe only working, full-scale model of David Bushnells 1776 invention, the American Turtle. David Bushnell 1740-1826The most sensational contribution of patriot and inventor David Bushnell to the American Revolutionary War effort was the worlds first functioning submarine. Continue Robert Fulton and the Nautilus Submarine Then came another American, Robert Fulton, who in 1801 successfully built and operated a submarine in France, before turning his inventing talents to the steamboat. Robert Fulton - Nautilus Submarine 1801 Robert Fultons cigar-shaped Nautilus submarine was driven by a hand-cranked propeller when submerged and had a kite-like sail for surface power. The Nautilus submarine was the first submersible to have separate propulsion systems for surfaced and submerged operations. It also carried flasks of compressed air that permitted the two-man crew to remain submerged for five hours. William Bauer - 1850 William Bauer, a German, built a submarine in Kiel in 1850 but met with little success. Bauers first boat sank in 55 feet of water. As his craft was sinking, he opened the flood valves to equalize the pressure inside the submarine so the escape hatch could be opened. Bauer had to convince two terrified seamen that this was the only means of escape. When the water was at chin level, the men were shot to the surface with a bubble of air that blew the hatch open. Bauers simple technique was rediscovered years later and employed in modern submarines escape compartments that operate on the same principle. Continue The Hunley During the American Civil War, Confederate inventor Horace Lawson Hunley converted a steam boiler into a submarine. This Confederate submarine called the could be propelled at four knots by a hand-driven screw. Unfortunately, the submarine sank twice during trials in Charleston, South Carolina. These accidental sinkings in Charleston harbor cost the lives of two crews. In the second accident the submarine was stranded on the bottom and Horace Lawson Hunley himself was asphyxiated with eight other crew members. The Hunley Subsequently, the submarine was raised and renamed the Hunley. In 1864, armed with a 90-pound charge of powder on a long pole, the Hunley attacked and sank a new Federal steam sloop, USS Housatonic, at the entrance to Charleston Harbor. After her successful attack on Housatonic, the Hunley disappeared and her fate remained unknown for 131 years. In 1995 the wreck of the Hunley was located four miles off Sullivans Island, South Carolina. Even though she sank, the Hunley proved that the submarine could be a valuable weapon in time of war. Biography - Horace Lawson Hunley 1823-1863 Horace Lawson Hunley was born in Sumner County, Tennessee, on 29 December 1823. As an adult, he served in the Louisiana State Legislature, practiced law in New Orleans and was a generally notable figure in that area. In 1861, after the start of the American Civil War, Horace Lawson Hunley joined James R. McClintock and Baxter Watson in building the submarine Pioneer, which was scuttled in 1862 to prevent its capture. The three men later constructed two submarines at Mobile, Alabama, the second of which was named H.L. Hunley. This vessel was taken to Charleston, South Carolina, in 1863, where it was to be used to attack blockading Union ships. During a test dive on 15 October 1863, with Horace Lawson Hunley in charge, the submarine failed to surface. All on board, including Horace Lawson Hunley, lost their lives. On 17 February 1864, after it had been raised, refurbished and given a new crew, H.L. Hunley became the first submarine to successfully attack an enemy warship when she sank USS Housatonic off Charleston. Continue The USS Holland John Holland