Cross Border And Foreign Borrowing Essay - 2121 Words

Cross-Border Governmental Borrowing Cross-border government borrowing plays an integral role in the modern international finance system. Cross-border government borrowing enables governments to substantially increase their access to cheap credit and is a particularly attractive option to finance government programs. While raising taxes or cutting government expenditure can be politically treacherous, borrowing in the form of government-issued-bonds enables governments to fund programs and prompt growth, which is especially important in developing nations, while â€Å"smoothing over† the costs over a longer period of time in the future. And while governments may be able to issue and sell bonds to exclusively its domestic population, doing so is less desirable. For one, the limited amount of domestic creditors means the government will be forced to pay higher interest rates on their bonds. Secondly, issuing bonds to exclusively the domestic population is more contractionary tha n the alternative of selling bonds to the international community at large, as it takes money out of the money supply, which can slow economic growth. Therefore, in order to eschew some of the negative effects that comes with selling bonds exclusively to a domestic population, many governments are willing to engage in cross-border governmental borrowing. While there are some risks associated with cross-border government borrowing, to be certain, the opportunities that cross-border lending presents in termsShow MoreRelatedCross Border Government And The Modern International Finance System Essay2157 Words   |  9 PagesCross-border government borrowing plays an integral role in the modern international finance system. Cross-border government borrowing enables governments to substantially increase their access to cheap credit and can be a particularly attractive option to finance government programs. While raising taxes or cutting government expenditure can be politically treacherous , borrowing in the form of government-issued-bonds enables governments to fund programs and promote growth, which is especially importantRead MoreGlobal Liquidity Case Study1472 Words   |  6 Pagestherefore, have a direct impact on the domestic monetary conditions in these countries. There will, however, also be implications for countries that do not have an exchange rate anchor to the US currency via changes in cross-border bank lending and capital flows. Historically, cross-border bank lending played a significant role in providing global liquidity. Since the financial crisis, however, this activity has been scaled back significantly due to the need to maintain higher capital buffers and hasRead MoreSub Prime Mortgage Crisis : Overview3016 Words   |  13 Pagesinvestment and the investors then refused to buy the treasury bills. 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Non-Profit Organization Analysis World Vision Free Essays

World Vision, founded in the USA in 1950 by a young pastor Robert Pierce, is one of the largest relief and development organizations in the world whose total revenue coming grants, product and foreign donations is about $2. 6 billion. The first area that World Vision focused on was orphans and other children in need, beginning in South Korea, and then expanding throughout Asia. We will write a custom essay sample on Non-Profit Organization Analysis: World Vision or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today, they operate in more than 90 countries, such as Ethiopia, Ghana, Afghanistan, India, Romania, Austria, Bolivia, El Salvador, Mexico, Jerusalem, and Papua New Guinea. They are now focusing on larger issues of community development and advocacy for the poor towards the end of helping poor children and their families build a sustainable future. * Matching Values World Vision has established values that appeal to the morality of the society’s majority. As a Christian relief, development and advocacy organization, its mission is to dedicate themselves to work with children, families and communities to overcome poverty and injustice. Through its public commitment to serve all people regardless of religion, race, ethnicity or gender, World Vision operates under its â€Å"Core Values† that are inspiring, admirable and agreeable to most people: It states clearly that they find their call to ministry from the abundance of God’s love and are committed to the poor and are called to relieve their suffering and to promote the transformation of their condition of life. They value people and regard all people as created and loved by God, therefore give priority to people before money, structure, and systems. They perceive themselves as stewards and are faithful to the purpose for which resources are given and manage them in a manner that brings maximum benefit to the poor. The international World Vision Partnership transcends legal, structural, and cultural boundaries and is responsive to the life-threatening emergencies where their involvement is needed and appropriate. * Informed Leadership  World Vision has a large organizational structure with its headquarters office complex in Washington and World Vision International offices all over the world, working on six continents. World Vision International operates as a federation of interdependent national offices, each overseen by their own boards or advisory councils. Each office and its members have created a common mission statement. Through an ongoing system of peer review, each national partner is held accountable and abides by common policies and standards. The partnership offices coordinate operations of the organization and represent World Vision in the international arena. For making large scale decisions, the international organization considers opinions from each national office, whether in the developed or developing world. An international board of directors oversees the World Vision partnership. The full board meets twice a year to appoint senior officers, approve strategic plans and budgets, and determine international policy. Meet Community Needs One of the factors that make World Vision successful is it partners with communities, local governments and other offices around the world in order to carry out its mission. It accomplishes this in several ways, depending on the needs of the community, and creates programs where it works with the community to facilitate a range of interventions, including programs in health, water and sanitation, education, and so on. Throughout the programs, people in communities have witnessed how World Vision’s work are supported by highly skilled staff and how the organization is able to develop technical expertise in many areas, which results in innovative, quality programs that contribute to measurable impact on the well-being of the communities themselves. It is the best way to establish good will and great reputation among communities and gain more and more trust and financial support from communities. * Market Position  World Vision’s approach to aid is to first help people and their communities recognize the resources that lie within them. The approach agrees with the modern opinion on how to effectively eliminate poverty. It is believed by many researchers and the society in many developed countries that with support from charity such as World Vision, communities transform themselves by carrying out their own development projects in health care, agriculture production, water projects, education, micro-enterprise development, advocacy and other community programs. World Vision helps families by trengthening their existing strategies and providing them with new opportunities, especially through microfinance and reliable access to food. Also it addresses to serious health issues that concerns the societies and governments in developed countries, where the organization’s major financial supports come from. For example, on the common concern about HIV and AIDS epidemic, World Vision plays a key role through prevention, care and advocacy programs around the world, attending individuals who are among the most vulnerable and at risk of HIV and AIDS, exploitation and neglect. The organization also develops programs that address the efficiency of its work to its donors (investors). It has programs like disaster response and management, striving to reduce the impact of emergencies on people’s lives. The efforts are geared toward addressing human needs and vulnerabilities in both natural and human-made crises so that human transformation is possible and, ultimately, sustainable. World Vision encourages public awareness about the needs of others, the causes of poverty, and the nature of compassionate response. These efforts include collaboration with media and community participation in fundraising. In all its communications, World Vision often present commercials filled with negative images showing the horrible conditions of impoverished countries and their children. In efforts to persuade the donating communities, it explains the causes and consequences of poverty, war, neglect, and abuse. The marketing strategy addresses this straight up, leaving audiences in shock and awe. They employ a tactic that makes it almost impossible for people not feeling compassion and sympathy, and then it packages a product that can reduce people’s guilt through donating. The organization has excellent skills in attracting, motivating, and managing those who are in a position to make a difference. As a Christian organization, World Vision participates in many wonderful strategic initiatives. It communicates and involves Christians through conferences, consultations, training programs and various educational opportunities, as well as partnering with Christian churches while being respectful of other faiths. * Investment and Return Approximately half of World Vision’s programs are funded through child sponsorship. Individuals, families, churches, schools, and other groups sponsor specific children or specific community projects in their own country or abroad. Funds are raised from sponsors each month to provide support for the sponsored children or projects. According to World Vision’s recent Consolidated Financial Statements, around 40% of their revenue comes from private sources, including individuals, World Vision clubs in schools, corporations and foundations. 27% comes from governments and multilateral aid agencies. 30% comes from other World Vision programs and nonprofit organizations. World Vision organizes various events in efforts to increase awareness, such as the Famine events for world hunger. The organization has successfully raised money from many groups and individuals with this kind of fundraising activities. How to cite Non-Profit Organization Analysis: World Vision, Essay examples

Importance of Human Resource Management in Organisational Development

Question: Describe about the Importance of Human Resource Management in Organisational Development? Answer: Importance of Human Resource Management in Organisational Development In order to have a positive impact on the organization, Human Resource management Organizational Development must become interactively and interdependently. A good human resources management should blend with organizational management because when the resource is utilized, the results are profitable for the individual, organization and society. The use of Organizational Development provides competitive advantage to human resource; it also focuses on the changes that are planned to promote effectiveness and organizational learning to benefit the company. The strategic link between Organization Development and Human Resource, the two functions are areas of commonality together, collaboration, and creativity can be applied to meet the needs of the business effectively. Thus, their integration will promote the performance and capacity of the organization and make the workforce more productive. As Experts of the area of human behaviour and organizational change, it is very necessary for an organisation`s HR management team to identify the need of human resources and forecast the need of human resources to achieve the organisations mission and objectives planned by the business planning team, the OD managers (Acas.org.uk, 2015). Both of them can work together and develop a performance management system that will properly align with individual and organisational goals (Anon, 2015). Current state of employment in Service Industry: Employee relations: The term employee relations and industrial relations are alternative terms. In 2004/2005, CIPD did a research on the changing employee relations in organizations of UK, to provide a study on current attitude and practices of the employee relations managers and Human Resource. To deal with the trade unions, is a big problem in many of the workplaces but it is hardly considered as problematic. Trade union conflict is still a major problem in many organizations but globally its effect is reducing in many aspects. The focus of employee relations is not based collectively but based on individual relationships. Trade union requirements in employee relations: Since the 1930s trade or labour unions have been in vogue to resist the domination of employers and to represent the interests of the worker. It is through the efforts of the trade unions that the workers even today can stay with dignity and is exposed to better pay and working conditions (Chitty, D'Alessandro and H ughes, 2012). The importance of trade unions cannot be denied even if the count of members in trade unions is in a state of steady decline. Even if the employers have enjoyed greater power over bargaining the negotiations trade unions have been able to enjoy equal bargaining power as the employers (Cipd.co.uk, 2015). A group of workers can voice their grievances better than individual workers asking for benefits from the employers. The national Labour relations Act talks about employees right to collective bargaining through their selective labour union representatives (Lattin, Lattin and Lattin, 2009). Trade unions can go for boycotts and go slows to compel employers to give in to their demands. Unions have been able to fight for better working conditions of the workers through time immemorial. They have been able to gather a lot of benefits such as job security, protection from arbitrary action, work life balance etc. Unions have given the workers the freedom to live with dignity and they have facilitated their standard of living in America. The unfair labour practices of the employers have been kept away by the unions (Paliwal, 2012). The NLRA have declared that it is unlawful for employers to discriminate among workers engaged in trade unions, dominate unions, victimize workers who have charged a complaint against them etc. If the employees have done any such acts then the union can take up this issue to the board against the employers. The board initially investigates the charges, take many actions involving cease, and desist to check unfair behaviour with the employees. The board can lodge complaints against the employers if they do not comply with their decisions. For effective protection of workers, unions also develop a lot of labour laws. Unions lobby for creation of laws and regulations. As a result of union efforts, laws such as healthy act, NLRA, the family medical leave act, social security act and occupational safety act are in vogue (Schloesser and Clark, 1913). The employee welfare laws are always checked by the unions to see whether they are properly initiated or not. Title 7 of the civil rights act of 1964 and civil rights act of 1991 are some of the most important pieces of human resource management legislation which affects the human resource management. These acts state that no discrimination should be done on the employees based on national origin, sex, colour, religion and race. Almost all the important tasks of human resource management including benefits, hiring, pay and training falls under the subjugation of this law. Selection process in the Service Industries: Job analysis defines the proper way to perform a job. It tell about all the activities, attribute that are likely to be conducted. Job analysis is different for both the sectors; service as well as manufacturing, because service includes a lot of brain and behavior. This may mean differences in their procedure. The observations of job tasks may are not as useful using a standardized form or interviewing in the service jobs like the Position Analysis Questionnaire. Recruitment and selection practices in the services sector varies with the types of positions in this sector. However, it can need creative and stronger recruitment practices (Torrington, 2011). As said before during the economic recession there may be many jobs that can grow as the number of available jobs are few (Peck, 2005). During strong economic conditions, the areas like day care, health care, amusement and recreation may have difficulty recruiting job applicants, and they have to be very innovative in their approach . This may lead us to mean that the industry would find a lack of suitable candidates; this is suppose to change the selection criteria, such that some skills would be trained by the organization and not trained upon hire. Service sector jobs include a lot of technological knowhow these days so a proficient knowledge of computers is mandatory. Even retail jobs make use of computer technology for inventory and sales, and the ability to use these machines is critical (TUC, 2015). Moreover, customer-service skills are a crucial training need in many service industry jobs; hence to make the employees be proficient on the technological side, the management has to do a lot to train the employees in the service sector. References Acas.org.uk, (2015).Home | Acas. [online] Available at: https://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=1461 [Accessed 13 Feb. 2015]. Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/depweb/beyond/beyondco/beg_09.pdf [Accessed 13 Feb. 2015]. Chitty, W., D'Alessandro, S. and Hughes, A. (2012).Services marketing. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. Cipd.co.uk, (2015).Championing better work and working lives CIPD. [online] Available at: https://www.cipd.co.uk/ [Accessed 13 Feb. 2015]. Lattin, G., Lattin, J. and Lattin, T. (2009).The lodging and food service industry. Lansing, MI: Educational Institute of the American Hotel Motel Association. Martin, J. (2009).Human resource management. Los Angeles: SAGE. Paliwal, M. (2012).Ethical Practices In ServiceIndustry. SaarbruÃÅ'ˆcken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. Peck, E. (2005).Organisational development in healthcare. Oxford: Radcliffe Pub. Schloesser, H. and Clark, W. (1913).The legal position of trade unions. London: P.S. King Son. Torrington, D. (2011).Human resource management. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. TUC, (2015).TUC. [online] Available at: https://www.tuc.org.uk/ [Accessed 13 Feb. 2015].